Thursday, 26 December 2024

Neuroscientist Dr. Jeff Tarrant - Understanding Mediums and Psychics

Dr. Jeff Tarrant is known for his pioneering work in the field of integrative mental health, blending traditional psychology with mindfulness, neurofeedback, and other alternative therapies. He is a leading expert in the use of technology and meditation for mental health and has authored several books on the subject. Dr. Tarrant's journey from skeptic to innovator has earned him recognition as a thought leader in holistic mental wellness. His latest book ‘Becoming Psychic’ received the Spring 2024 First Place Award in the Body, Mind, & Spirit: Parapsychology category from The Book Fest.

If you haven’t had time to listen to ‘Unveiling the Mysteries of Psychic Minds’, presented by Jock Brocas on his award-winning Deadly Departed podcast, please feast your mind on a selection of expansive highlights from his compelling discussions with Dr. Jeff Tarrant. They candidly discuss their respective journeys from skepticism to belief in psychic phenomena, the neuroscience behind psychic experiences, Dr. Tarrant's compelling mediumship research, and the potential connection between psychedelics and spiritual development.

Neuroscientific Talking Points

~ Dr. Jeff Tarrant's research on mediumship and psychic abilities challenges traditional scientific perspectives on consciousness and the mind-brain connection

~ The role neuroscience plays in validating psychic experiences, and brainwave activity can offer insight into the validity of mediumship and psychic perception

~ Trance mediumship vs Glossolalia, light language and channeling energy

~ How Dr. Tarrant's experience with psychedelics influenced his understanding of spirituality, interconnectedness, its potential impact on psychic development, and how ethical studies could be conducted in a controlled and responsible manner

~ Dr. Tarrant's work with non-directive healing modalities like biodynamic craniosacral therapy reflects the interconnectedness of energy and the potential for healing within the context of psychic and spiritual experiences

~ How Dr. Tarrant's findings on brainwave activity in relation to psychic experiences serve to broaden our understanding of consciousness, memory, and accessing information from broader fields of awareness

~ How the findings and discussions can contribute to ongoing research and discourse surrounding the relationship between consciousness, brain function, and the development of psychic and mediumistic abilities


Part 1 of this 3-part series focuses on the neurosience of Mediumship, glossolalia and channeling. Listen to the podcast. (Run time: 1 hr 07 mins)


Transitioning from ‘I want to believe’ to ‘I do believe’

Dr Jeff Tarrant: ‘As a kid, I was totally into all this stuff, and, I loved it… all I kind of cared about was the weird stuff. But then, as I got older I started questioning things and learning more, and trained as a psychologist and a neuroscientist. I attribute a lot of my professional training to kind of beating that out of me, so to speak, and kind of encouraging the idea that, ‘well, if we can't prove it in a laboratory, then it doesn't exist. It's not real.’ And so, there were many years where I was a pretty hardcore skeptic.

And then, as life does, it presented me with some opportunities to actually study this. And now I've come back around to the other side again. I've become more of, I do believe as opposed to I want to believe. I've still got a significant skeptical nature, but I've seen too many things, and it makes too much sense to me at this point to try to deny it.

Jock Brocas: You go through loads of examples in the book, and I love the fact that you get so excited. You can't wait to get a hold of measuring people's brainwaves and their activity... But there had to be one pivotal moment where the information... just didn't make sense, right?... That point you were like, there's gotta be something more in this because this doesn't materialistically make sense in the world. What was that pivotal moment for you?

Dr Jeff Tarrant: There's probably been several of those... I think it's been a building process of lots of weird little moments that don't make sense or don't fit with a strictly materialistic viewpoint. But when you were asking the question, the thing that jumped into my brain was, when I first was able to measure Laurel Lynne Jackson, a well-known medium…

The thing that really stood out with her that was so interesting and unique, especially from a neuroscientific standpoint, is that she has this very distinct way of how she perceives information when she's doing a psychic reading versus doing a mediumship reading. For her, they're two very different processes.

When she's doing a psychic reading, she sees it on her inner screen, she calls it, on the left visual field. And when she's doing a mediumship reading, she sees it in her right visual field... this is just something she's noted about herself often. But what was really cool is that when we measured her brain while she was doing a psychic reading and a mediumship reading, that's exactly what showed up - the opposite sides of the occipital lobe where the visual processing was happening corresponded with exactly what she was reporting.

That was a really interesting one where I was like, wow, wait a minute, she's not seeing anything out here. Like, we're just in a boring conference room, but her brain is processing information and it's processing it exactly the way she describes. So for me, even though it doesn't prove anything, it’s pretty convincing that something is going on here.

This isn't just make-believe, right? The brain is processing information even if I can't see it.

Displacement and unawareness during mediumship work

Dr Jeff Tarrant: I've seen Laurel work several times and a lot of times it's a group situation where she's doing a gallery reading, where she's kind of just picking up whatever she picks up in the room and goes over there and does a short reading and then moves along. And when I've seen her do this, and she's described this to me... she's kind of not there. Like she's doing it, but she's almost unaware of the external environment. And so it lends me to sort of believe that maybe she's not really tuned into her body as much when she's in that zone, that it's like she's kind of out here somewhere.

Jock Brocas: … That correlates to my own experiences and my wife's experiences. We used to serve and run our own church back in in the UK. And the way I can explain it would be, if you were up on platform or you were doing… a gallery setting... you would have no idea where you were going to, but all of a sudden, you get up and… you're not there, and… you know exactly where you're going. You know exactly who you're going to, and you know what's actually happening. So, it's interesting because it is almost that there's a sense of displacement of the self or whatever we want to call that… it displaces and then something else takes over and, boom, you're in that flow.

Trance states Spontaneous tribal languages

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(Image: Canva)

Jock Brocas: In your book, you talk about...the trance states and xenoglossia and the ability to confirm, and you worked with a woman who developed...

Dr Jeff Tarrant: Janet Mayer.

Jock Brocas: Janet Mayer, yeah... What you experienced there, would that be similar to what they call speaking in tongues or... this whole idea of light language, which is not something that I'm drawn to in any way. Or was there some kind of coherent intelligence behind what she was what she was bringing through?

Dr Jeff Tarrant: Yeah. And so just to give kind of a quick background to Janet and what her story is. She was the very first person that I worked with in this field. And, it’s funny because we're still friends and we still talk periodically. And I jokingly blame her... I'm like, it's your fault that I'm doing this…in a good way, of course.

Janet is a wonderful psychic medium. About 15 years or so... she had this experience during a holotropic breath work exercise... It was a group environment. You're breathing rapidly. There's evocative music. Anyway, she sat up in the middle of this session and what sounded like a language just started coming out of her and she had no idea what was happening. She couldn't really control it. She didn't even know if it was a language for sure because she didn't know she was saying something.

After this experience, it kept happening… when she was in the grocery store and when she was cooking dinner and driving her car, right? This language would just kind of come through. It took four years before she found somebody who would actually listen to her… some experts… linguists, and anthropologists.

She finally found somebody who would listen to her tapes and this person was an anthropologist at the Smithsonian, who was also a shaman in a previous lifetime in South America and recognized her language and so over time, translated several of her tapes. She was speaking up to four different South American tribal languages. Usually when they were translated, they were prayers or healings or teachings. A lot of it had to do with honoring Mother Earth and being connected to nature and important spiritual ways, things like that.

But it was interesting because she... she still doesn't know what she's saying. She can turn it on or off now, but she has no idea what she's saying...

Dr Jeff Tarrant: You brought up speaking in tongues, which, you know, the official term is glossolalia and… it's a Pentecostal kind of a thing, right? Where people get worked up into a religious fervor and they start saying something that sounds like a language. And so for Janet, a lot of the people that she approached, professors and what not said, oh, that's glossolalia....and kind of dismissed it because glossolalia is not an actual human language… so there's nothing to translate. Right?

Jock Brocas: Yes. That's the difference.

Dr Jeff Tarrant: So for me, it can't be glossolalia because these are actual languages and she's actually saying something that could be translated. And it sounds funny when I say this, but the only logical explanation is that she's channeling some kind of either shamans in South America or some other entities but somehow she's able to allow that energy to move through her. How that works… I've got some ideas about how it might work, but that's the only explanation because otherwise, it doesn't make any sense. She's gotta be getting information from somewhere.

Jock Brocas: I want to go into your ideas because I find that fascinating, especially from trance conditions and channeling because I have my own feelings on it. But I think it's important for anybody who's listening out there to make the distinction. And I've said this many times, and you can hate me if you want, guys but this light language stuff that goes out there is just… glossolalia. It's the same as anything that's on the Pentecostal side and... for me... my personal opinion, and you can write in all you want... there is no evidence. And you all know me. I'm very hard on evidence. I need evidence... whether it's scientific evidence or spiritual evidence, there has to be continuity. There has to be a pattern. There has to be a serious evidence. We don't see that.

What is interesting is that... and I think this is fascinating, and I think this gives credence as well to a mediumistic aspect of it, she had no idea what she was speaking. She had no idea at all, and it took a shaman to be able to bring that forward and really say this is the language, and there is a coherent intelligent pattern to it. And I think that's really important. This is not gobbledygook. There was an a a coherent pattern.

Thinking about this, I love how you're getting at channeling because that's my next thing. People are gonna hate me for this as well. I have an issue with channeling. I don't seem to have an issue with trance conditions and going into a trance state because I've had experiences of that myself as well... I know that when the trance condition happens and we allow that connection, that melding of energies, whether the spirit's coming through. There's intelligence. And often, a really, really good trance medium - I don't like to use the term trance channel - but the trance medium…they don't remember. They have no idea of what's going on. There's a sense of disassociation that happens - and this is another argument people come up with - they separate the idea of self going away and an intelligent force or intelligent being that will come in and communicate.

My issue with the channeling side of things is… are they channeling and it's coming really from their own perceptions, their own knowledge, their deep un-subconscious? Because I can perceive a massive difference between someone who's in deep trance, to someone who's just channeling wisdom, that they're saying is coming from such and such. But I feel I discern that it's coming from them, and it's coming from their intellect and their knowledge of maybe what they've studied or what they've been interested in. Where do you fit in that side of things?

Dr Jeff Tarrant: That is a tough one. That's a really tricky one… I've been able to work with quite a number of mediums now. I've not kept track, but… let’s say 20 or 30. And these are pretty high-level mediums, for the most part. And it's interesting because they seem to have levels of trance. Most of them will say that they're at least in a light trance or what they would characterize as a light trance.

And that might be like what Laurel experiences. Because, you can get her attention. If she's doing a reading, and she's kind of in her own zone. It's hard to get her attention. I can be jumping up and down in the background going Laurel, Laurel…

Jock Brocas: She's in the flow.

Dr Jeff Tarrant: She's in the flow. She hadn't even seen me. But eventually she will, right? She'll kind of click in... And so a lot of them talk about being in a light trance but those are… what I would consider... more mental mediums. Where they're in telepathic communication with these other entities, and then they're translating it. So they're getting this information in their own head, theoretically from another entity, and then they're translating it and trying to make sense out of it and put it in human words. I've only worked with... a handful of what we might consider trance mediums where their voice kind of changes a bit, they're much more disconnected, a lot of times they have no memory whatsoever of what they've said. And, I kind of have mixed feelings as well…

Jock Brocas: Awesome, alright, let's get into it. Yeah. (Laugh) Let's go there.

Dr Jeff Tarrant: Certainly I've been sitting with people where they've done this and there's just something in my gut that's like, this feels weird. This feels like they're kind of making stuff up... but then there have been other times where I've not had that feeling and it does feel like a higher wisdom of some kind, right? But all I've got to go on is my gut feeling and this is part of the problem. From a scientific perspective, I can't prove any of it one way or the other. And that's where I have trouble… especially trouble from a scientific perspective… you know, people say, oh, I can communicate with angels or fairies or aliens or… It's like, well, that's cool, but I can't prove anything there. There's nothing… Yeah, I just have to trust them or not. But… usually I'm just agnostic about it.

At least with mediumship where you're talking to somebody who's deceased, you could verify some things… you could verify that the things they're saying make sense and in the physical world. And that there's some way to sort of demonstrate that like, oh yeah, they did have that relationship, or they did live in this place, or they did go by that nickname, whatever. So it's tricky, you know? I don't know… it sounds like maybe you're even more skeptical than me. I don't know.

Jock Brocas: Yeah. I'm like you. But, I've been a professional medium for over 2 decades. I have experienced seances and trance and all sorts of things, but I have a very discerning nature when it comes down to it. And like you, I've been in conditions where I'm like, okay - pardon the French anybody who's listening now - that's bollocks, that's coming from them or, wait a minute, that has got substance to it.

And I am really fascinated. I have a passion for the trance condition and part of the reasons why I'm now on an academic path is because I want to understand more of psychosis, obsession, I want to understand permitted possessive states such as in the trance condition and I'm really fascinated about where can we go with this scientifically.

I think there's a potential bridge in terms of evidential research that can maybe go into it. If we go back to, you know, SPR studies, way back in the day, where we had cross correspondences where people were in trance conditions and was able to identify verifiable evidence that distance and time made no real the problem. I think there's a possibility that we can look more into the science of it… which brings us into your whole realm as the brain and mind connection.

Because I always say to people... when Lisa (Miller) and I were chatting , and I wrote an article on PDN about this, Defending the Soul, but my whole idea is that your mind is a psychological building block to your reality. That's how I feel. And so I always ask the question, is the mind in the brain, or is the brain in the mind? And this is like one of these massive arguments...

So I feel for me, there's a great deal of miscommunication and misunderstanding in mediumship or even in psi when it comes down to channeling, trance, and things like that. But I think there's an exciting possibility to move forward in doing further research in the trance conditions, and there's very little of it. There's very little science research in psychometry which I find fascinating from my own experiences.

So I think there's an element that we haven't really dove into deeper, and I think we can. How do we do it? I don't know. Maybe this is where you come in with the whole idea of the brain and the cerebral and working with mediums that are legitimately in trance conditions and not making it up. And that's the difficulty.

Resources:

psychic

Dr Jeff Farrant websites: Psychic Mind Science & NeuroMeditation Institute

Article: Dr Lisa Miller Sparks a Paradigm Shift in the Science of Spirituality

Friday, 20 December 2024

‘Terrible’ William II de Soules - the true inspiration for Tolkien’s evil Saruman?

saruman
Hermitage Castle in 1814, Liddesdale, Scottish Borders Wikimedia Commons)

The true inspiration behind Saruman?

A lone imperious necromancer, dwelling in a stark valley’s forbidding tower, terrorizing the local Scots Reiver horse lords, served by a terrifying orcish goblin named ‘Redcap Sly’, who kept his jaunty bonnet scarlet with the blood of his master’s many enemies.

Folklorist William Henderson (1813-1891) described the Redcap thusly: “Redcap, Redcomb, or Bloody Cap, is a sprite of another sort from the friendly Brownie. He is cruel and malignant of mood, and resides in spots which were once the scene of tyranny — such as Border castles, towers, and peelhouses. He is depicted as a short thickset old man, with long prominent teeth, skinny fingers armed with talons like eagles, large eyes of a fiery-red colour, grisly hair streaming down his shoulders, iron boots, a pikestaff in his left hand, and a red cap on his head. When benighted or shelterless travellers take refuge in his haunts, he flings huge stones at them; nay, unless he is much maligned, he murders them outright, and catches their blood in his cap, which thus acquires its crimson hue.

“This ill-conditioned goblin may, however, be driven away by repeating Scripture words, or holding up the Cross; he will then yell dismally, or vanish in a flame of fire, leaving behind him a large tooth on the spot where he was last seen.”

Tolkien’s evil Istari (wizard) Saruman? No, the real-life Lord William de Soulis/Soules aka ‘Terrible William’ or Bad Lord Soulis’.

Although ‘real-life’ might be stretching it a tad, as Borders Scots legends have heavily fictionalized his life to the point where it bears little resemblance to the known and half-known facts, such as they are.

Eulogiser of all things Scotch, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) says this of Lord Soules: “He is represented as a cruel tyrant and sorcerer; constantly employed in oppressing his vassals, harassing his neighbours, and fortifying his castle of Hermitage against the king of Scotland; for which purpose he employed all means, human and infernal: invoking the fiends, by his incantations, and forcing his vassals to drag materials, like beasts of burden. Tradition proceeds to relate, that the Scottish king, irritated by reiterated complaints, peevishly exclaimed to the petitioners, “Boil him, if you please, but let me hear no more of him.”

“Satisfied with this answer, they proceeded with the utmost haste to execute the commission; which they accomplished, by boiling him alive on the Nine-stane Rig, in a cauldron, said to have been long preserved at Skelf-hill, a hamlet betwixt Hawick and the Hermitage. Messengers, it is said, were immediately dispatched by the king, to prevent the effects of such a hasty declaration; but they only arrived in time to witness the conclusion of the ceremony. The castle of Hermitage, unable to support the load of iniquity, which had been long accumulating within its walls, is supposed to have partly sunk beneath the ground; and its ruins are still regarded by the peasants with peculiar aversion and terror. The door of the chamber, where Lord Soulis is said to have held his conferences with the evil spirits, is supposed to be opened once in seven years, by that dæmon, to which, when he left the castle, never to return, he committed the keys, by throwing them over his left shoulder, and desiring it to keep them till his return. Into this chamber, which is really the dungeon of the castle, the peasant is afraid to look; for such is the active malignity of its inmate, that a willow, inserted at the chinks of the door, is found peeled, or stripped of its bark, when drawn back.”

Saruman, of course, was murdered by his aggrieved cannibalistic sidekick Gríma Wormtongue in the Return of the King chapter The Scouring of the Shire; in the Peter Jackson movies, he was knocked off earlier in the deleted scene below.

In the legend, Soulis's tenantry, having suffered long years of unbearable cruelty, captured him, warding off the Redcap with Christian verse and crucifixes, and at the megalithic Ninestane Rig stone circle, encased the sorcerer in lead and boiled him to death.

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Perrott’s Folly - Wikimedia Commons

Perrott's Folly, near Chad Valley, Birmingham, Great Britain; the inspiration for Saruman’s tower of Orthanc, one of the Two Towers in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. Tolkien spent his teenage years in nearby Stirling Road and Duchess Place. Perrott's Folly/ Monument, was constructed in 1758 by John Perrott as a folly or hunting lodge, converted to a weather observatory by Follet Osler in 1884 and later used by the Birmingham & Midland Institute and Birmingham University until 1979.

The other tower is at prosaic Edgbaston Waterworks and is believed to have been the basis for the mountain-side city of Minas Tirith. Yeah, I get it, if you look at the top of the model below. Kinda.

Edgbaston Waterworks Tower - Wikimedia Commons

Model of Minas Tirith:

Wikimedia Commons
William II de Soules with Redcap Sly as depicted in Magicians, Martyrs, and Madmen by Travis McHenry (Occult Encyclopedia)

John Leyden (1775 – 1811), the Scotch folklorist and orientalist composed the lay Lord Soulis (18-6) that Scott later drew on, the highlights of the lengthy ode being:

“Lord Soulis he sat in Hermitage castle, And beside him Old Redcap sly;— “Now, tell me, thou sprite, who art meikle of might, “The death that I must die?” “While thou shalt bear a charmed life, “And hold that life of me, “‘Gainst lance and arrow, sword and knife, “I shall thy warrant be. “Nor forged steel, nor hempen band, “Shall e’er thy limbs confine, “Till threefold ropes, of sifted sand, “Around thy body twine. “If danger press fast, knock thrice on the chest, “With rusty padlocks bound; “Turn away your eyes, when the lid shall rise, “And listen to the sound.”

The ‘Real’ Lord Soules

In history, the real William de Soulis, Lord of Liddesdale, changed sides between the English and the Scots, and was eventually imprisoned at Dumbarton at the order of King Robert of Scotland (Robert the Bruce), dying there by 1321... in mysterious circumstances.

When young, William was received into the service of King Edward I of England in 1304. After the victory of Robert the Bruce’s cause at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, he switched to the Scottish side. In 1320 he was involved in a conspiracy against Robert along with Sir David, Lord of Brechin. Whilst some say he desired the Scottish throne for himself, others said he wanted to place Edward Balliol on the Scottish throne. Soulis was arrested at Berwick and was arraigned before a specially convened session of parliament at Scone on 4 August 1320.

Confessing his treason, the ‘Black Parliament’ found Soulis guilty, forfeiting his title, and sentencing him to life imprisonment in Dumbarton Castle. William’s compatriots weren’t so lucky, executed by being drawn behind horses, hanged, and then beheaded. William was the last of the de Soules family to hold the title Lord of Liddesdale.

Today you can visit Soules’ Hermitage Castle care of Historic Scotland; haunted by both Redcap Sly, and later by Mary, Queen of Scots who married a later laird, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.

Hermitage Castle- Wikimedia Commons
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Saruman (Wikimedia C0mmons)

A movie to enjoy with a vaguely similar theme, 1989’s Warlock:

The Bell Inn Tolkien connection

Incidentally, I was recently in the Cotswolds, an English region famous for its links with elves, witches and portals to other other worlds. In Moreton-in-Marsh, The Bell Inn claims to have inspired Tolkien’s Prancing Pony Inn, where Strider, the Black Riders, landlord Barliman Butterbur and Mr Underhill (and party) hung out in The Fellowship Of The Ring (1954).

Author’s own photographic image

My unofficial spoof sequel to LOTR: THE DARK SECRET OF BARLIMAN BUTTBUR

Stephen Arnell’s novel THE GREAT ONE is available now on Amazon Kindle:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Great-One-Secret-Memoirs-Pompey-ebook/dp/B0BNLTB2G7

Excerpt

Sunday, 15 December 2024

Why the Legacy of Christian Monarch Prester John and His Mystical Kingdom Lives On

Sean Connery as THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING (1975)

Legends once told of Prester John (Presbyter Ioannes in lati), a Christian Priest-King said to possess great mystical power and fabulous riches. From the 12th to the 17th centuries there were rumours of a Christian nation standing defiant amongst the pagans, Muslims, and Buddhists of the Orient, and latterly, Africa.  Prester John was sometimes depicted as a descendant of one (or oddly enough ALL) of the Three Magi (Wise Men), ruling a land overflowing with wealth, amazing marvels, and bizarre beasts:

“Our land is the home of elephants, dromedaries, camels, crocodiles, meta-collinarum, cametennus, tensevetes, wild asses, white and red lions, white bears, white merules, crickets, griffins, tigers, lamias, hyenas, wild horses, wild oxen, and wild men — men with horns, one-eyed men, men with eyes before and behind, centaurs, fauns, satyrs, pygmies, forty-ell high giants, cyclopses, and similar women. It is the home, too, of the phoenix and nearly all living animals.”
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The Three Wise Men from Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy (Wikimedia Commons)

Prester John was at first thought to reside in India - the seeds planted by Thomas the Apostle's subcontinental travels (documented in works such as The Acts of Thomas) and by East Christians' semi-successful evangelistic activities there. Post the Mongol invasions (from 1206 AD), he was said to hold sway over Christian bulwark in Central Asia, but it was thereafter believed that Prestor John’s realm was actually Ethiopia, or thereabouts. Or North America.

Some of the early tales of Prester may have stemmed from lingering long memories of the successor Greek Kingdoms to Alexander the Great in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan, which lasted from the 3rd century BC until 10AD. Not Christian though, more syncretic Olympian Pantheon-Buddhist.

Eventually, Prester became a character (or was alluded to) in novels, and of all things, Marvel comics.

Was there any truth to the legends?

prester john
Manuel I Komnenos (Wikimedia Commons)

Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos received a letter in 1165. The sender was: "John, Christian Sovereign and Lord of Lords".

The author claimed to live in a huge palace built of gold (structurally unsound) and studded with gems and governed a land that reached from Persia to China. The boastful letter appears to be a clever (for the time) fraud, to what end, we know not, other than hoodwinking people into venturing to the area.

Historian René Grousset posited Prester may have originated with the Keraites, a Turkic/Mongol clan converted by the Church of the East, who, by the 12th century, followed a custom of bearing Christian names.

https://web.archive.org/web/20150703045154/http://forum.freekalmykia.org/index.php?app=core&module=attach&section=attach&attach_id=94

Little connects the early Christian figure John the Presbyter of Syria to the Prester John legend besides the name. Later accounts of Prester John borrowed heavily from traveler’s tales and the fictional adventures of Sinbad the Sailor and The Alexander Romance, a heavily embroidered account of the Macedonian king’s life that was first written in the 3rd century A.D.

3rd century A.D.

German chronicler Otto of Freising reported in his Chronicon of 1145 that the previous year he had met Hugh, bishop of Jabala in Syria, at the court of Pope Eugene III in Viterbo. Hugh, an emissary of Prince Raymond of Antioch, told Otto that PJ was a Nestorian Christian Priest-King (common in the Near East) who regained the city of Ecbatana from Media and Persia in a great battle "not many years ago".

The swollen waters of the Tigris handily prevented Prester from freeing the Holy Land, so he went home carrying his fabulous emerald sceptre. In 1141, the Qara Khitai khanate under Yelü Dashi defeated the Muslim Seljuk Turks in the Battle of Qatwan, near Samarkand. Since vassals of the Qara Khitai practiced Nestorian Christianity, this may have bolstered the myth and the Europeans could also have thought of any non-Muslim (i.e. Buddhist) as Christian, more fool them. There’s a slim chance Otto recorded the report for the Crusade's European backers, undercutting the expectation of any aid from a powerful Eastern king of a Christian persuasion.

Doctor of Philosophy Bruun posited in 1876 that Prester John might be one of the early Bagrationi kings of Georgia (who themselves may be descendants of Mark Antony*), who underwent a military comeback at the time of the Crusade and challenged Muslim power in the Caucasus. But Georgia was (and is) Orthodox, not Nestorian, and its earlier incarnations as Colchis and Iberia are well-documented and hardly obscure.

Incidentally, the closest thing the English ever came to meeting a Prestor John-type figure was when the late-period Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425) spent Christmas as Henry IV’s guest at Eltham palace on the outskirts of London.

An exotic sight for any in the country who hadn’t been on a Crusade.

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Manuel II Palaiologos with Henry IV of England (Wikimedia Commons)

* Mark Antony

A Description of the Empire of Prester John, that is to say, of the Abysinians"). From Theatrum Orbis Terrarium... by Ortelius, Antwerp (1573, Wikimedia Commons)

Ethiopia

1569 World Map detail: Prester John of Africa (Wikimedia Commons)

Since no sign of Prester John was found in Asia, by 1250 AD it was decided that he ruled the ancient Christian kingdom of Ethiopia all along.

Marco Polo called Ethiopia a magnificent Christian land and Orthodox Christians had a legend that the nation would one day rise up and conquer Arabia, but he did not place Prester John there. In 1306, 30 Ethiopian ambassadors from Emperor Wedem Arad came to Europe, and a ‘Prester John’ was said to be the patriarch of their native church in a record of their visit. In the Mirabilia Descripta by Dominican missionary Catalani Jordanus (around 1329) he discusses the "Third India" (Ethiopia), and the king who rules there, who Europeans call ‘Prester John’.

Europe and North-East Africa gradually became better acquainted with each other, as 1428 saw the Kings of Aragon and Ethiopia negotiating the possibility of a strategic, but unlikely marriage, between the royal offspring of the two kingdoms. In 1487, two Portuguese envoys, Pêro da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva, were sent to gather information on a possible sea route to India and find out about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia, but was forbidden to depart.

Further envoys were sent in 1507, after the large nearby island of Socotra* (which lies between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea, and is now part of war torn Yemen) was taken by the Portuguese; regent queen Eleni of Ethiopia sent ambassador Mateus to king Manuel I of Portugal and the pope, in search of a coalition. Priest Francisco Álvares’ book the Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias ("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia and was presented to the pope.

*The island where Sinbad encountered the giant Roc bird:

By 1520, Prester John was the name by which Europeans knew the Emperor of Ethiopia, although the inhabitants never called their emperor by the name - and they should know.

Current historians find nothing about Prester John or his country that makes Ethiopia a more suitable location; it only became widely known as such after the Portuguese reached the country (via the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea). In 1751, Czech Franciscan Remedius Prutky asked Emperor Iyasu II about this and said, "the kings of Abyssinia had never been accustomed to call themselves by this name."

North America?

Italian historian Peter Martyr d'Anghiera identified the land of Prester John with Francisco de Chicora’s native South Carolina in his Decades of the New World. Chicora was captured by the Spanish in 1521 and told his captors his country was ruled by Christian priests.

Prester John lives on as a cultural phenomenon

By the seventeenth century, any serious hunt for the monarch all but ceased, as the world was mapped and evidence sifted. Then Prester John became a cultural phenomenon, rather than a seriously held theory. Shame, in a way, I guess.

In George MacDonald Fraser’s Flashman on the March, Sir Harry Flashman (the now-adult bully from Tom Brown's School Days) visits the city of Gondar (‘the Camelot of Africa’) in Abyssinia and pronounces, If Prester John existed, this was where he'd sat his throne.

Gondar (Wikimedia Commons)

Prester’s name has lived on in John Buchan’s 1910 novel Prester John (where a rebel uses the name of Prester John and possession of his sacred ruby neck to lead a rising against colonial rule in S. Africa) as a Marvel and DC Comics character, in two Umberto Eco books (2000’s Baudolino and Serendipities: Language and Lunacy, 1998) for the highbrows amongst you.

Marvel Comics depiction of PJ

In Marvel Comics, Prester John is a near-immortal (via suspended animation in his alchemical Chair of Survival) explorer who once ruled an unnamed land in Eastern Asia, and also at times a priest, and an adventurer. An ally of King Richard Lionheart who served in his court and possessor of the mystic Evil Eye granted to him in the extra-dimensional land of Avalon, which can project terrifying bursts of energy.

So Prester John was the fictional precursor to the ‘Men Who Would Be King’ who actually existed. The likes of James Brooke - ‘The White Rajah’, Tristram Speedy, Josiah Harlan (‘Prince of Ghor’), Cecil Rhodes, Sir Richard Francis Burton and others, such as American adventurer Alexander Gardner (1785- 1877) Commandant of Artillery for Maharaja Ranjit Singh, whose neck wounds obliged him to clamp a pair of forceps to his neck whenever he ate or drank.

And George Thomas (1756-1802), the 'Raja from Tipperary', the Irish mercenary who, from 1798 to 1801, carved out and ruled a kingdom of his own in India, from the Hisar and Rohtak districts of Haryana.

Back in 2004, it was discovered that Josiah Harlan, the hereditary Prince of Ghor, has an heir to the Afghan principality - his great, great, great grandson the actor Scott Reiniger (Dawn of the Dead). Unsurprisingly, Scott has so far passed on the opportunity to take the reins of power in the Taliban-ruled province.

In other words, enterprising folk who set up their own states or become warlords in foreign climes...or attempted to.

And in the film world, movie overlords such as Colonel Kurtz (Apocalypse Now), Marcus Kane (Doomsday), and especially Nick Nolte’s Learoyd in Farewell to the King. In John Milius’ picture, Nolte plays a US army deserter in WWII who becomes king of a remote tribe of Borneo Dayaks, who consider him divine because of his blond locks and ice-blue eyes.

Brooke (Borneo again):

Prester John as depicted in the chronicles of Hartmann Schedel (1493 - Wikimedia Commons)

Stephen Arnell’s novel THE GREAT ONE is now available on Amazon Kindle: